Determination of the Pharmaceutical Micropollutant Diclofenac in Fresh Water by Upconversion-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ULISA)
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| Year of publication | 2016 |
| Type | Conference abstract |
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| Description | Increasing number of publications report widespread occurrence of residues of human or veterinary pharmaceutics in the environment. Diclofenac, which is one of the most widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with analgetic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects, belongs to the most frequently detected pharmaceuticals in the water-cycle in Europe. Diclofenac in low µg/L levels has been detected in waste water treatment plants, surface waters, groundwater pools as well as in drinking water (detected with GC/MS, LC-ESI/MS). Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) tests, which are based on analyte-specific antibodies, can be used in small laboratories and in the field for the monitoring of pharmaceuticals directly. Recently, photon-upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) emitting visible light under infrared excitation have been introduced as a new generation of luminescent labels for sensitive ”background free” detection. Such nanoparticles avoid time-consuming substrate conversion and overcome the inherent instability of enzyme molecules used in ELISA tests. We have developed the first heterogeneous immunochemical method for the detection of diclofenac utilizing UCNPs (silica coated 43 nm NaYF4 doped with Yb3+ and Er3+) as a signal amplifier. The bio-modification of UCNP with secondary anti-mouse IgG is described. The primary mouse monoclonal anti-diclofenac antibody enabled the competitive detection of diclofenac in environmental samples with a limit of detection of 0.34 ng/mL. The results have been compared to a conventional ELISA and LC-MS. |
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