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first_pagesettingsOrder Article Reprints Open AccessArticle Circulating Tumor Cell Models Mimicking Metastasizing Cells In Vitro: Discrimination of Colorectal Cancer Cells and White Blood Cells Using Digital Holographic Cytometry by Marek Feith 1,2,†ORCID,Yuecheng Zhang 2,3,4,Jenny L. Persson 2,3,5ORCID,Jan Balvan 1ORCID,Zahra El-Schich 2,3ORCID andAnette Gjörloff Wingren 2,3,*ORCID 1 Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden 3 Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden 4 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan’an University, Yan’an 215123, China 5 Department of Molecular Biology, Umea University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. † Current Address: Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital—The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Photonics 2022, 9(12), 955; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9120955 Received: 3 November 2022 / Revised: 5 December 2022 / Accepted: 7 December 2022 / Published: 9 December 2022 (This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Application of Imaging on Digital Holography) Download Browse Figures Review Reports Versions Notes Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most metastatic disease with the majority of cases detected in Western countries. Metastases are formed by circulating altered phenotype tumor cells causing 20% of CRC related deaths. Metastatic cells may show higher expression of surface molecules such as CD44, and changes in morphological properties are associated with increased invasiveness and poor prognosis. In this study, we intended to mimic the environment for metastasizing cells. Here, we used digital holographic cytometry (DHC) analysis to determine cellular morphological properties of three metastatic and two non-metastatic colorectal cancer cell lines to show differences in morphology between the CRC cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). By establishing differences in cell area, cell thickness, cell volume, and cell irregularity even when the CRC cells were in minority (5% out of PBMCs), DHC does discriminate between CRC cells and the PBMCs in vitro. We also analyzed the epithelial marker EpCAM and migration marker CD44 using flow cytometry and demonstrate that the CRC cell lines and PBMC cells differ in EpCAM and CD44 expression. Here, we present DHC as a new powerful tool in discriminating cells of different sizes in suspension together with a combination of biomarkers.
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