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Introduction: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the class of small non-cod ing RNAs long 21– 25 nucleotides. They play an important role in regulation of transcription. They affect gene expres sion at post-transcriptional levels through binding to complementary mRNAs and mediate their degradation in RISC complex. Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) is newly discovered class of small non-cod ing RNA. They are single-stranded RNAs long 26– 31 nucleotides. They are involved in silencing of transposable elements and also participate in sequence-specific chromatin modifications. Deregulation of piRNAs was observed in kidney, bladder, gastric, breast, pancreatic and liver cancers. Patients and Methods: In our study we used the tumor tis sue and the paired adjacent non-tumor renal parenchyma of 12 patients (7 males and 5 females) with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) hospitalized in Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute. RNA was isolated with mirVana™ miRNA Isolation Kit. For prepar ing RNA library was used TruSeq Small RNA Sample Preparation Kit from Il lumina and then the miSeq sequencing technology was used to detect small RNAs. Results: In our 12 paired samples of tumor tis sue and the paired adjacent non-tumor renal parenchyma we detected 283 miRNAs with > 1 read in at least 13 samples. 55 miRNAs were statistically significant different expressed (p < 0.05) in tumor tissue then in adjacent non-tumor parenchyma. MiRNAs with most significant altered expression (p < 0.01) were miR-129, miR-138, miR-142, miR-149, miR-154, miR-155, miR-200b, miR-210, miR-218, miR-340, miR-584, miR-885, miR-891a, miR-1270, miR-3690 and miR-7641. After piRNA sequences analysis we found 440 piRNAs with > 1 read in at least 13 samples. From these piRNAs were 38 piRNAs statistical ly signifi cant deregulated (p < 0.01). Most statisticaly significant altered expression levels were observed in piR-1207, piR-2107, piR-2155, piR-12487, piR-12488, piR-21508, piR-23230, piR-26525, piR-26527 and piR-28131. Conclusion: In our pilot profiling study of miRNA and piRNA in RCC we found altered expression patterns in tumor tissue and paired adjacent non-tumor renal parenchyma. We successfully detected some miRNAs (e.q. miR-155, miR-210, miR-200b) described as deregulated in accordance with previous studies. However, further validation on a larger set of patients is needed for elucidation of role miRNAs and piRNAs in molecular pathology of RCC.
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